Definition and Examples of Copyediting in English

Copyediting is the process of correcting errors in a text and making it conform to an editorial style (also called house style), which includes spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. A person who prepares a text for publication by performing these tasks is called a copy editor (or in Britain, a sub editor). Alternate Spellings:  copy editing, copy-editing Aims and Kinds of Copyediting The main aims of copy-editing are to remove any obstacles between the reader and what the author wants to convey and to find and solve any problems before the book goes to the typesetter, so that production can go ahead without interruption or unnecessary expense. . . . There are various kinds of editing.   Substantive editing  aims to improve the overall coverage and presentation of a piece of writing, its content, scope,  level  and organization. . . .Detailed editing for sense  is concerned with whether each section expresses the authors meaning clearly, without gaps and contradictions.Checking for consistency  is a mechanical but important task. . . . It involves checking such things as spelling and the use of single or double quotes, either according to a house style or according to the authors own style. . . .Copy-editing usually consists of 2 and 3, plus 4 below.Clear presentation of the material for the typesetter  involves making sure that it is complete and that all the parts are clearly identified. (Judith Butcher, Caroline Drake, and Maureen Leach, Butchers Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders. Cambridge University Press, 2006) How Its Spelled Copyeditor and copyediting have a curious history. Random House is my authority for using the one-word form. But Websters agrees with Oxford on copy editor, although Websters favors copyedit as a verb. They both sanction copyreader and copywriter, with verbs to match. (Elsie Myers Stainton, The Fine Art of Copyediting. Columbia University Press, 2002) The Work of Copy Editors Copy editors are the final gatekeepers before an article reaches you, the reader. To start with, they want to be sure that the spelling and grammar are correct, following our [New York Times] stylebook, of course. . . . They have great instincts for sniffing out suspicious or incorrect facts or things that just dont make sense in context. They are also our final line of protection against libel, unfairness and imbalance in an article. If they stumble over anything, theyre going to work with the writer or the assigning editor (we call them backfield editors) to make adjustments so you dont stumble. That often involves intensive substantive work on an article. In addition, copy editors write the headlines, captions and other display elements for the articles, edit the article for the space available to it (that usually means trims, for the printed paper) and read the proofs of the printed pages in case something slipped by. (Merrill Perlman, Talk to the Newsroom. The New York Times, Ma r. 6, 2007) Julian Barnes on the Style Police For five years in the 1990s, British novelist and essayist  Julian Barnes  served as the London correspondent for  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹The New Yorker magazine. In the preface to  Letters From London, Barnes describes how his essays were meticulously clipped and styled by editors and fact-checkers at the magazine. Here he reports on the activities of the anonymous  copy editors, whom he calls  the style police. Writing for  The New Yorker  means, famously, being edited by  The New Yorker: an immensely civilized, attentive and beneficial process which tends to drive you crazy. It begins with the department known, not always affectionately, as the style police. These are the stern puritans who look at one of your sentences and instead of seeing, as you do, a joyful fusion of truth, beauty, rhythm, and wit, discover only a doltish wreckage of capsized grammar. Silently, they do their best to protect you from yourself. You emit muted gargles of protest and attempt to restore your original text. A new set of proofs arrives, and occasionally you will have been graciously permitted a single laxity; but if so, you will also find that a further grammatical delinquency has been corrected. The fact that you never get to talk to the style police, while they retain the power of intervention in your text at any time, makes them seem the more menacing. I used to imagine them sitting in their office with nightsticks and manacles dangling from the walls, swapping satirical and unforgiving opinions of  New Yorker  writers. Guess how many infinitives that Limeys split  this  time? Actually, they are less unbending than I make them sound, and even acknowledge how useful it may be to occasionally split an infinitive. My own particular weakness is a refusal to learn the difference between  which  and  that. I know theres some rule, to do with individuality versus category or something, but I have my ow n rule, which goes like this (or should it be that goes like this?--dont ask me): if youve already got a  that  doing business in the vicinity, use  which  instead. I dont think I ever converted the style police to this working principle. (Julian Barnes, Letters From London. Vintage, 1995)   The Decline of Copyediting The brutal fact is that American newspapers, coping with drastically shrinking revenue, have drastically reduced the levels of editing, with a concomitant increase in errors, slipshod writing, and other defects. Copy editing, in particular, was seen at the corporate level as a cost center, an expensive frill, money wasted on people obsessing with commas. Copy desk staffs have been decimated, more than once, or eliminated outright with the work transferred to distant hubs, where, unlike Cheers, nobody knows your name. (John McIntyre, Gag Me With a Copy Editor. The Baltimore Sun, January 9, 2012)

Research Awareness Essay examples - 5838 Words

Research Awareness for Healthcare Professionals Summative Assignment This report discusses the task of searching for a piece of literature based on the theme of ‘Respect and Dignity’. This is an important topic for all healthcare professionals such as nurses and midwives, doctors, physiotherapists and occupational therapists to be aware of, as service users have a right and an expectation to be treated with respect and dignity at all times when accessing healthcare. The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement states that dignity in care should involve â€Å"†¦offering a genuinely personal service; flexibility in where or when the care is provided; a service that considers the right to privacy of people receiving care; and the†¦show more content†¦The first 25 entries of these results are displayed in a list in appendix 1. For my second search I focused on making the key words of my search term more applicable for what I hoped to find. I again used the ‘summon’ search facility and entered the search term ‘adolescent health empowerment via communication’. This search produced 4678 results and these results were then refined by publication type to include only journals, and by subject type to include the subjects of ‘children and youth’ and ‘adolescents’, I again refined by publication date of 2008 to present, and to show only English language results. This then produced a list of 57 results and the first 25 entries of these results are displayed in appendix 2. The more detailed and specific criteria of this search appears to have produced some slightly more successful results than in my first search as I found 2 articles of particular interest that were more relevant to my search requirements; article number 4 in appendix 2: ‘Adolescents Transition to Self-Management of a Chronic Genetic Disorder’ (2008) by Giarelli, E., Bernhardt, B.A., Mack, R. amp; Pyeritz, R.E, writes of the requirement of â€Å"gradual changes in knowled ge, attitudes, and behaviour influenced by parents, peers, and health care providers† in order for the successful transition to self-management of a disorder. Also article number 10: ‘Feasibility and impact of a school-based intervention for families of urban adolescents with asthma:Show MoreRelatedResearch on Consumer Awareness13028 Words   |  53 PagesProject Report On â€Å"Consumer Awareness In India† Submitted To: Prof. Nadeem Merchant (Research Methodology) Submitted By: Division â€Å"B† Aniket nimonkar 36 Jayesh prabhu 43 Atul rane 46 Neha zunjarrao 68 Anjuman-I-Islam’s Allana Institute Of Management Studies amp; Research Mumbai University Academic Year 2011-2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In making this project report a lot of people have contributed by giving us the required knowledge and time, we would like to thank all of them. It is becauseRead MoreResearch Proposal Dementia in Older People Early Dignosis and Public Awareness Leicester Le S in Liecester5527 Words   |  23 PagesDementia-----In older people Public Awareness and Early diagnosis in Leicester (Word Count:5103 words) Submitted in part fulfilment for the award Of Masters in Public Health Submission date: 3rd February 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ChapterRead MoreResearch Paper : World Awareness Research1774 Words   |  8 PagesWorld Awareness Research Paper We are all are aware that drinking adequate water and maintaining hydration is necessary to support a healthy body, but have you ever considered that this key element to survival may actually be hindering your ability to thrive? 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Crimes and Misdemeanors free essay sample

For the past fifty years, director and actor Woody Allen has evoked much laughter from his neurotic-style comedies. Less recognized, however, is his fascinating ability in utilizing both his stunning, humorous wit along with several philosophical concepts. Such a combination creates an engaged and thoroughly entertained audience, as well as a mentally-stimulated one. In his movie â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors,† the philosophical concepts Allen touches upon deal with ethical and moral issues. What does do the right thing really entail; why not do the opposite if it leads to ones personal success? In the absence of a God, whos to say whether the choices we make are right or wrong? Answering these questions say much about the way one sees the world. This movie investigates such questions by intertwining two separate, parallel plots: the tragic story of Judah, and the comedic story led by Cliff Stern . There are two key moral positions that underlie the entire movie: Those with faith in God perceive the world as morally structured, forgiving, and full of true meaning. The most in depth storyline in this movie was that of Judah Rosenthal, who comes to the conclusion that in a world devoid of godly resence, all acts are permissible, even adultery and murder. Once a person erases their belief on certain morals and values, it is much easier for them to erase crimes or immoral acts they have committed from their mind as being immoral. Judah does an extraordinary Job at showing this in the movie when he finds out that someone else was arrested for the murder of Dolores; he automatically knew he was off the hook and made himself believe he did no wrong. By doing this he was capable of going on and living his life. Another main character in Allens movie, was one layed by him himself. Throughout the movie Cliff embarked on new ideas and experiences because they were his passion and what he believed, however at the end of the movie we watch as Cliff loses everything he believed in from his love, his career, and his family. Many may question why Cliff would lose everything if he had so many good strong beliefs and how Judah can move on with his life even after being involved in a murder. However, the answer according to this movie is simple. We as the human race, define ourselves by our choices, with the absence of god. In he issue concerning Cliff losing everything he believed in, it wasnt necessarily a punishment, but in all actuality shows how it can be relevant to real life. Not all times, does a person with good morals get what they want. In addition, Judah was going to move on with his life no matter if he had a religious background or not. Judah saw the world as, once God is gone all things are permissible, which shows his true morals and values as a person. His character depicts the life of one who has done wrong and escaped punishment in their life at some point, which again can be pplied to the real world on a daily basis. Regarding the different situations that occur all across this movie, it is shown that there can be a sense of morality in our world without the belief of a certain religion. This movie portrays many types of religious beliefs within the characters and then goes on to show that even people who do not necessarily believe in God, still have morals they might Just value certain areas more than others. God is essentially a the absence of god, anything anyone wants to make permissible to their own self can be made permissible.

True Educations Begins at Home free essay sample

People learn everything they know from some sort of influence. Religious groups are influenced by preachers to believe what they want. Students are influenced by teachers on what to learn. North Koreans are influenced by Kim Jong Il to do exactly as he wants. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee’s only book, Scout, a main female character has to be taught the hard way. She sees a man prosecuted and killed because of his skin color for something he clearly could not have done. She learns that prejudice is abused every day, even past times of slavery. Scout’s main motivation for not being prejudice is her father, Atticus, who defends the black man, Tom Robinson, in a clearly biased trial. Although influenced to think that she should hate black people, her true education comes from home. When one first learns to speak, who are their words learned from? They, typically, learn from their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on True Educations Begins at Home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If someone acts poorly, they are usually punished at home. Outer influences can affect someone’s decision to do something wrong, and, if brought up well, this person will not make these poor decisions. Scout is enticed to hate black people, but Atticus teaches her why humans are all equal. Jem, Scout’s older brother, learns as he matures that one should accept people for who they are. After Tom gets accused of being guilty, Jem even cries. In essence, Jem and Scout are both taught from home how to act throughout life. When Scout begins talking to Miss Maudie and Dill, she hears wild stories of the man who is locked inside his house for fifteen years, and once he is in his thirties, he attacks his father with a pair of scissors. This man is Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. Atticus catches his children and Dill trying to lure him out of the house and teaches them that not everything they hear is true (although, this rumor is true. The children quit provoking Boo for a while, but near the end of the book, they meet him on person after he saves their lives from a drunken man. They learn that Atticus was right in saying that not everything that one hears is true. I have learned nearly all I know from my mother and father. They have taught me basic skills, as well as proper etiquette. I have had many mentors in my life, and I believe that my parents are the best ones I have and will have. They have taught me all I need to know in my life from home.

Music Appreciation Unit One Lab Questions free essay sample

Describe some of the influence of Latin music in the US in the early part of the twentieth century. In the early part of the twentieth century, Latin music influenced the creation of a new type of music, Afro-Cuban Jazz. 2. What was the significance of Macho and HIS Afro-Cubans? Macho and HIS Afro-Cubans created the genre of Afro-Cuban Jazz and created a bridge between the two cultures, and found success with white people. 3.How did Dizzy Gillespie Incorporate Latin music Into his music? Dizzy Gillespie invited a player from Cuba named Chant, and the two of them worked together. 4. What was the Palladium? Palladium was located in mid-town Manhattan. It was a former dance studio, but it was transformed into the home of the Mambo. 5. How did the television and films increase the exposure of the US to Latin music? The television and films increased the exposure of the US to Latin music, because it allowed the public to slowly become ameliorated with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Appreciation Unit One Lab Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Television shows like l Love Lucy showed that white women and Cuban men could be together. Due to the fact that the men were Cuban, they also played their music on the show as well. 6. How did Latin music influence rock music? Latin music Influenced rock music they both had the same chord progression, bass lines and rhythms. 7. Why do you think Latin music had such a great Influence on the development of popular music?I believe that the reason why Latin Music had such a great influence on the development of popular music, is because it was new, and its upbeat rhythms made it easy to listen to and encouraged people to dance and have a great time. 8. Do you think that any of the music that you listen to has Latin influences? Why or why not? Yes, I do believe that Latin music has influenced the music I listen to. I listen to Latin artists such as Pitiful, and I enjoy his music very much. At the same time, I listen too lot of upbeat rhythm songs that have somewhat off Latin feel to them.

The United States and Soviet Union Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

The United States and Soviet Union Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers The United States and Soviet Union 3/5/15 To understand why the United States came to the defense of South Korea in 1950 you need some background information. According to the textbook, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union was going to expand communism to other nations which is why American foreign policy focused on containment of communism at home and abroad. This concerned Europe as well as Asia. The Korean War was the first major battle waged in the name of containment. According to the lecture notes, in 1950 Korea was divided along the 38th parallel: North Korea (backed by the Soviets) and South Korea (backed by the United States). In 1945, the Soviet Union invaded Korea which was originally under Japanese control since 1910. The United States was afraid that the Soviets were trying to seize the entire Korean peninsula from their position in the north. Therefore, the United States moved its troops into South Korea. In the video as well as in the primary source reading, Truman stated that it was right for the government to help South Korea against communist aggressors. The Japanese surrendered to the Soviets in the north and to the Americans in the south. To avoid confusion regarding Koreas future, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily dividing Korea into the north and south. In 1946, Kim II Sung had a communist government in the north while Syngman Rhee set up a rival government in the south. Each governments aim was to reunify the country under its own rule. President Truman decided to fight a limited war in Korea. What he means by this is he doesnt want to widen the war to China. As explained in the lecture notes, Truman was unwilling to attack mainland China directly to escalate the war. He feared that such an attack would lead to another world war. This is why he decided to relieve General MacArthur from his duties because he disagreed with this policy. Truman made it known in his speech that the cause of world peace is greater than any individual. In Trumans speech on April 11, 1951, he explains that the communists want to stamp out freedom all over the world and if they succeeded the United States would be the principal victim. Truman argues by fighting a limited war in Korea we have prevented aggression from succeeding and bringing on a general war. He argues that the ability of the whole free world to resist communist aggression has been greatly improved and that the United States has taught the enemy a lesson. Aggression is not cheap nor is it easy. He also argues that a resolute stand in Korea is helping the forces of freedom now fighting in Indochina and other countries in that part of the world. Starting a general war in China would bring about something the United States was trying to prevent. The United States aim is to avoid the spread of the conflict. They wanted to maintain international peace and security. Truman wanted to ensure that the precious lives of his fighting men were not wasted. I think that Truman was correct in his approach. I think by focusing all his energy into accomplishing Americas mission of maintaining international peace and security by any means is more important than anything else. I do not think that invading China would accomplish anything. I think all it would do is lead to more American casualties and further conflict. America was already dealing with the Soviet Union. They didnt need to get involved in another conflict with another nation. They would be going against everything they stand for. I think the American people would not take Truman seriously if he decided to invade China. His speeches never wavered in wanting peace. The Soviet Union would probably want the United States to get involved and why give the enemy what they want? I believe Truman was thinking smart and strategic and not on impulse.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Polymerase Chain Reaction - Essay Example Its name was coined from one of its key processes i.e. DNA polymerase. A DNA template is produced and the chain reaction that follows is the concluding part of the process. A major requirement of recombinant DNA techniques is the "availability of large quantities of specific DNA segment" (Bastianutto et al 2006). Cloning which was the preferred method involves transformation of a plasmid vector into bacteria that is then cultured. The cloning process is not as efficient as PCR in terms of amplification of DNA. In addition PCR can allow the generation of millions of copies of DNA from a single or few pieces. PCR occurs in stages, the Initialization, Denaturation, Annealing, Extension/elongation, Final elongation. The Initialization step involves heating to 94-96C. After the heating stage, Denaturation produces a single DNA strand. This is caused by breaking the hydrogen bonds between DNA strands, thus causing the melting of the DNA template and primers. Temperature is lowered during the annealing step. Here primers are bound to the single stranded DNA template by the polymerase. At the Extension/elongation the DNA polymerase produces a new DNA strand by adding dNTPs. The last PCR cycle is the Final elongation, the step is done to ensure that all single stranded DNA are fully extended.